Configure Advanced Power Management features on removable hard drives.
Ad hoc operations
Install hdparm utility to alter SATA/IDE device parameters.
$ sudo apt install hdparm
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: powermgmt-base The following NEW packages will be installed: hdparm powermgmt-base 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 120 kB of archives. After this operation, 280 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main arm64 hdparm arm64 9.60+ds-1 [110 kB] Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main arm64 powermgmt-base all 1.36 [9,604 B] Fetched 120 kB in 0s (452 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package hdparm. (Reading database ... 35576 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../hdparm_9.60+ds-1_arm64.deb ... Unpacking hdparm (9.60+ds-1) ... Selecting previously unselected package powermgmt-base. Preparing to unpack .../powermgmt-base_1.36_all.deb ... Unpacking powermgmt-base (1.36) ... Setting up powermgmt-base (1.36) ... Setting up hdparm (9.60+ds-1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.4-2) ...
Connect removable hard drive.
$ dmesg
[...] [ 3039.380633] usb 2-1: new SuperSpeed USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd [ 3039.401686] usb 2-1: New USB device found, idVendor=125f, idProduct=a35a, bcdDevice= 1.00 [ 3039.401713] usb 2-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=2, Product=3, SerialNumber=1 [ 3039.401730] usb 2-1: Product: HD650 [ 3039.401744] usb 2-1: Manufacturer: ADATA [ 3039.401757] usb 2-1: SerialNumber: 4810358C3023 [ 3039.419479] scsi host0: uas [ 3039.421405] scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access ADATA HD650 0 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6 [ 3039.424750] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Spinning up disk... [ 3039.509260] sd 0:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0 [ 3040.448174] ....ready [ 3043.548454] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 3907029168 512-byte logical blocks: (2.00 TB/1.82 TiB) [ 3043.548465] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 4096-byte physical blocks [ 3043.548611] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off [ 3043.548618] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00 [ 3043.548824] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA [ 3043.549403] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Optimal transfer size 33553920 bytes not a multiple of physical block size (4096 bytes) [ 3043.851908] sda: sda1 [ 3043.853299] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
Display device identification data directly from the drive.
$ sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: ST2000LM007-1R8174
Serial Number: ZDZ19YVM
Firmware Revision: SBK2
Transport: Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0
Standards:
Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x001f)
Supported: 10 9 8 7 6 5
Likely used: 10
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 3907029168
Logical Sector size: 512 bytes
Physical Sector size: 4096 bytes
Logical Sector-0 offset: 0 bytes
device size with M = 1024*1024: 1907729 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 2000398 MBytes (2000 GB)
cache/buffer size = unknown
Form Factor: 2.5 inch
Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 5400
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16
Advanced power management level: 128
Recommended acoustic management value: 208, current value: 208
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported:
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* NOP cmd
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Advanced Power Management feature set
Power-Up In Standby feature set
* SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up
SET_MAX security extension
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
* 64-bit World wide name
* IDLE_IMMEDIATE with UNLOAD
Write-Read-Verify feature set
* WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
* {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
* Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Host-initiated interface power management
* Phy event counters
* Idle-Unload when NCQ is active
* READ_LOG_DMA_EXT equivalent to READ_LOG_EXT
DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
Device-initiated interface power management
Asynchronous notification (eg. media change)
* Software settings preservation
* SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
* SCT Write Same (AC2)
* SCT Features Control (AC4)
* SCT Data Tables (AC5)
unknown 206[12] (vendor specific)
unknown 206[13] (vendor specific)
* DOWNLOAD MICROCODE DMA command
Security:
Master password revision code = 65534
supported
not enabled
not locked
not frozen
not expired: security count
supported: enhanced erase
332min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 332min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 5000c500a57ae4f3
NAA : 5
IEEE OUI : 000c50
Unique ID : 0a57ae4f3
Checksum: correct
Check current drive state.
$ sudo hdparm -C /dev/sda
/dev/sda: drive state is: active/idle
Determine current Advanced Power Management level.
According to the ATA/ATAPI Command Set – 2 (ACS-2) you can use values like 1 for minimum power consumption, 2 to 127 for intermediate power consumption using standby mode, 128 to 253 for intermediate power consumption without using standby mode, and 254 for maximum performance.
$ sudo hdparm -B /dev/sda
/dev/sda: APM_level = 254
Define intermediate power consumption using standby mode.
$ sudo hdparm -B 127 /dev/sda
/dev/sda: setting Advanced Power Management level to 0x7f (127) APM_level = 127
After internally predefined time period of inactivity device will enter standby mode (spin down).
$ sudo hdparm -C /dev/sda
/dev/sda: drive state is: standby
Define standby (spin off) timer with works independently of the Advanced Power Management configuration.
Use value between 1 to 240 to define timer using a 5 second scale (5 seconds to 20 minutes), and 241 to 251 using a 30 minute scale (30 minutes to 5 hours and 30 minutes), 252 for 21 minutes, 253 for vendor specific value (between 8 to 12 hours), and 255 for 21 minutes 15 seconds.
$ sudo hdparm -S 120 /dev/sda
/dev/sda: setting standby to 120 (10 minutes)
These changes are not permanent and will remain in effect until hard drive is disconnected or operating system restarted.
Permanent solution
Inspect default hdparm configuration as you can use it to permanently store modifications.
$ cat /etc/hdparm.conf
## This is the default configuration for hdparm for Debian.
## Any line that begins with a comment is ignored - add as many as you
## like. Note that an in-line comment is not supported. If a line
## consists of whitespace only (tabs, spaces, carriage return), it will be
## ignored, so you can space control fields as you like. ANYTHING ELSE
## IS PARSED!! This means that lines with stray characters or lines that
## use non # comment characters will be interpreted by the helper scripts (
## /lib/udev/hdparm, /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/95hdparm-apm ).
## This has probably minor, but potentially serious, side effects for your
## hard drives, so please follow the guidelines. Patches to improve
## flexibilty welcome. Please read /usr/share/doc/hdparm/README.Debian for
## notes about known issues, especially if you have an MD array.
##
## Note that if the init script causes boot problems, you can pass 'nohdparm'
## on the kernel command line, and hdparm will not run.
##
## Uncommenting the options below will cause them to be added to the DEFAULT
## string which is prepended to options listed in the blocks below.
##
## If an option is listed twice, the second instance replaces the first.
##
## /sbin/hdparm parses blocks of the form:
## DEV {
## option
## option
## ...
## }
## This blocks will cause /sbin/hdparm OPTIONS DEV to be run.
## Where OPTIONS is the concatenation of all options previously defined
## outside of a block and all options defined with in the block.
# -q be quiet
quiet
# -a sector count for filesystem read-ahead
#read_ahead_sect = 12
# -A disable/enable the IDE drive's read-lookahead feature
#lookahead = on
# -b bus state
#bus = on
# -B apm setting
#apm = 255
# -B apm setting when on battery
#apm_battery = 127
# -c enable (E)IDE 32-bit I/O support - can be any of 0,1,3
#io32_support = 1
# -d disable/enable the "using_dma" flag for this drive
#dma = off
# -D enable/disable the on-drive defect management
#defect_mana = off
# -E cdrom speed
#cd_speed = 16
# -k disable/enable the "keep_settings_over_reset" flag for this drive
#keep_settings_over_reset = off
# -K disable/enable the drive's "keep_features_over_reset" flag
#keep_features_over_reset = on
# -m sector count for multiple sector I/O
#mult_sect_io = 32
# -P maximum sector count for the drive's internal prefetch mechanism
#prefetch_sect = 12
# -r read-only flag for device
#read_only = off
# -R Enable/Disable Write-Read-Verify, on to enable (R1), off to disable (R0)
# write_read_verify = off
# -s Turn on/off power on in standby mode
# poweron_standby = off
# -S standby (spindown) timeout for the drive
#spindown_time = 24
# "force_spindown_time" - the same as "-S", but will be applied even if disk
# doesn't support APM. Use on your own risk. This is debian specific option.
# See also #758988
#force_spindown_time = 24
# -u interrupt-unmask flag for the drive
#interrupt_unmask = on
# -W Disable/enable the IDE drive's write-caching feature
#write_cache = off
# -X IDE transfer mode for newer (E)IDE/ATA2 drives
#transfer_mode = 34
# -y force to immediately enter the standby mode
#standby
# -Y force to immediately enter the sleep mode
#sleep
# -Z Disable the power-saving function of certain Seagate drives
#disable_seagate
# -M Set the acoustic management properties of a drive
#acoustic_management
# -p Set the chipset PIO mode
# chipset_pio_mode
# --security-freeze Freeze the drive's security status
# security_freeze
# --security-unlock Unlock the drive's security
# security_unlock = PWD
# --security-set-pass Set security password
# security_pass = password
# --security-disable Disable drive locking
# security_disable
# --user-master Select password to use
# user-master = u
# --security-mode Set the security mode
# security_mode = h
## Blocks beginning with the keyword 'command_line' instead of a device
## identifier are not supported since the version 9.39-1 for backward
## compatibility by this version of hdparm. Options must be introduced
## by a correct device identifier instead, so that they will be applied
## when the device becomes available.
# Config examples:
#/dev/hda {
# mult_sect_io = 16
# write_cache = off
# dma = on
#}
#/dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EFRX-68PJCN0_WD-WCC4J0998391 {
# apm = 128
# acoustic_management = 128
# spindown_time = 240
#}
#/dev/cdroms/cdrom0 {
# dma = on
# interrupt_unmask = on
# io32_support = 0
#}
Find path to the specific hard drive that uniquely identifies it.
$ find /dev/disk/ -follow -samefile /dev/sda
/dev/disk/by-path/platform-fd500000.pcie-pci-0000:01:00.0-usb-0:1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0x5000c500a57ae4f3 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST2000LM007-1R8174_ZDZ19YVM
Use unique path to alter its default configuration.
$ sudo tee --append /etc/hdparm.conf << EOF
# ata-ST2000LM007-1R8174_ZDZ19YVM
/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST2000LM007-1R8174_ZDZ19YVM {
apm = 127
spindown_time = 120
}
EOF
# ata-ST2000LM007-1R8174_ZDZ19YVM
/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST2000LM007-1R8174_ZDZ19YVM {
apm = 127
spindown_time = 120
}
EOF
How changes are applied
Configuration is applied by the device event managing daemon.
$ udevadm test /block/sda
This program is for debugging only, it does not run any program specified by a RUN key. It may show incorrect results, because some values may be different, or not available at a simulation run. Load module index Skipping empty file: /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link Skipping empty file: /etc/systemd/network/73-usb-net-by-mac.link Created link configuration context. Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/10-local-rpi.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/15-i2c-modprobe.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/40-usb_modeswitch.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/50-firmware.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/50-udev-default.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/55-dm.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-autosuspend.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-block.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-cdrom_id.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-crda.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-drm.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-evdev.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-fido-id.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-flashrom.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-input-id.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-alsa.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-input.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-dm.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-tape.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-v4l.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-rpi.gpio-common.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-sensor.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-serial.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-triggerhappy.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/64-btrfs.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/69-libmtp.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-joystick.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-microbit.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-mouse.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-power-switch.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-touchpad.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-uaccess.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/71-seat.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/73-seat-late.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/73-special-net-names.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/75-net-description.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/75-probe_mtd.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/78-sound-card.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-debian-compat.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-drivers.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-ifupdown.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-net-setup-link.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-noobs.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-udisks2.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-hdparm.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-hwclock.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-regulatory.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-alsa-restore.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-console-setup.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-pi-bluetooth.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-dm-notify.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/96-e2scrub.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/97-hid2hci.rules Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/99-com.rules Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/99-systemd.rules DEVPATH=/devices/platform/scb/fd500000.pcie/pci0000:00/0000:00:00.0/0000:01:00.0/usb2/2-1/2-1:1.0/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda DEVNAME=/dev/sda DEVTYPE=disk DISKSEQ=28 MAJOR=8 MINOR=0 ACTION=add SUBSYSTEM=block TAGS=:systemd: ID_VENDOR=ADATA ID_VENDOR_ENC=ADATA\x20\x20\x20 ID_VENDOR_ID=125f ID_MODEL=HD650 ID_MODEL_ENC=HD650\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20 ID_MODEL_ID=a35a ID_REVISION=0 ID_SERIAL=ADATA_HD650_4810358C3023-0:0 ID_SERIAL_SHORT=4810358C3023 ID_TYPE=disk ID_INSTANCE=0:0 ID_BUS=usb ID_USB_INTERFACES=:080650:080662: ID_USB_INTERFACE_NUM=00 ID_USB_DRIVER=uas DEVLINKS=/dev/disk/by-path/platform-fd500000.pcie-pci-0000:01:00.0-usb-0:1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 /dev/disk/by-id/usb-ADATA_HD650_4810358C3023-0:0 ID_PATH=platform-fd500000.pcie-pci-0000:01:00.0-usb-0:1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 ID_PATH_TAG=platform-fd500000_pcie-pci-0000_01_00_0-usb-0_1_1_0-scsi-0_0_0_0 CURRENT_TAGS=:systemd: run: '/lib/udev/hdparm' Unload module index Unloaded link configuration context.
Inspect /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-hdparm.rules rule definition, /usr/lib/udev/hdparm and /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/95hdparm-apm shell script for more details.